Impact Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Clinical - 1924 Words

Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on clinical (medical) negligence Tort law is a considerably old branch of English law, covering a wide range of areas within such as defamation, nuisance, trespass and, most importantly, negligence. The latter set out the modern concept of negligence by means of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. Furthermore, in twentieth century a number of fundamental elements were established in negligence, elevating its significance above all other areas of tort law. Most problematic and difficult subgroup of negligence is clinical negligence, where doctor are held to another standards. Nonetheless, the old foundations were disturbed by the enforcement of the Human Rights Act 1998, which was a successful attempt to incorporate the European Convention of Human Rights into English domestic law. It is applied directly or indirectly into many areas of law, clinical negligence in torts in particular, adding multiple complications as it has to comply with the new Act. The influence of the HRA is yet to be fully researched professiona lly and amended. In attempt to explore the impact of the HRA 1998 on clinical negligence this essay examines the reasons for integration of the HRA and issues it came with and compares various types of negligence, liability of public authorities and remedies before and after the HRA came into force. The main difference between the HRA and the ECHR is that the former is the domestic legislation and the latter is an internationalShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Mental Health Nursing1596 Words   |  7 Pagesof mental health nursing, I intend to demonstrate how clinical decision making mental health nursing is formulated based on the chosen moral principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and ‘respect for autonomy’ (NHS, 2015). I will also be considering the influence of consequentialist theory in mental health nursing, as I believe this to be the ethical core of the debate. Consequentialist theory dictates that moral justification for the clinical rationale process by health professionals lies in theRead MoreAntibiotic Resistant Bacteria1376 Words   |  6 Pagesexisted in the environment since before humans used antibiotics for medicine or agriculture (Finley, et al., 2013). Although microbial resistance is a natural occurrence, the rapid development of antibiotic resistant bacteria is largely due to human activities such as the overuse of antibiotics. It is not just the use of prescription antibiotics but also the unnecessary overuse of antibiotics in agriculture. Most antibiotics in the US are not distributed to humans but in fact, 80% of all antibioticsRead MoreA Research On Collaborative Research1325 Words   |  6 Pagesquestionnaire and interviews. Data ownership refers to the legal rights to the data and the power to retain the data and control over it even after the research is completed. In other words, the person who owns the data have power and control over it as well According to Loshin, 2002 The control of information includes not just the ability to access, create, modify, package, derive benefit from, sell or remove data, but also the right to assign these access privileges to others Sometimes for theRead MoreConsent And Its Types And Legal Fundaments879 Words   |  4 Pageswith patients’ consent with midwifery practice as the focal point of interest. According to Medical Dictionary (2003) ‘consent’ is an ‘act of reason’, voluntary agreement to proposed treatment made by a mentally capable person upon receiving relevant information. 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Nursing professionals have the ethical accountability to be altruistic, meaning a nurse whoRead MoreAntimicrobial Resistance : Antibacterial Resistance1259 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no doubt that antimicrobial agents have saved the human kind from a lot infectious diseases. A few years after the discovery of the first antibiotics, scientists made the observation that some organisms could still survive the effects of the antimicrobial agents. That was the beginning of the concern that different microorganisms were getting resistance in their previously harmful agents. That is known today as antimicrobial resistance. (Sosa et al., 2010) Nowadays, Antimicrobial ResistanceRead MoreEthical, Legal And Professional Frameworks1712 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare professional. However, what makes the obtaining of consent paramount is the legal and ethical obligation it carries (Farsides, 2014). The Department of Health (DOH) (2009) recommend that all patients have the right to decide what happens to their bodies and an infringement of this right could lead to prosecution. In agreement Acott and Searby (2012) further explain that the absence of consent is not only illegal, it is also unethical and unprofessional. Dimond (2011) explains for consent to beRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesas â€Å"a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are major age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association; 1994 as cited as McPhedran; 2008). To be diagnosed with conduct disorder, a person must have at least 3 of the 15 symptoms of the disorder presented. Other symptoms of conduct disorder include persistent patterns of aggression towards humans, lying and deception, theft and/or robbery, and destruction of propertyRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1456 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagesof the influence exacted on them by their family both directly and indirectly. Children are the future and dysfunctional children cannot forge a functional future society. Families are the foundation of our society and if we can get the family unit right we will have much better society. There is a popular saying that â€Å"If you teach a child the way to go, when he grows old, he will not depart from it’ And there is also a popular theory that says that people will learn what they see. We are talkingRead MoreCritical Incident Analysis Essay3770 Words   |  16 PagesCare Provision and Management 2 B73M20 Cohort 09/09 Student ID: 20328 Assignment: Critically analyse an incident experienced whilst in practice, allowing opportunity to explore professional responsibilities, concepts of care management and the impact of health policy/legislation on care provision. You should demonstrate fitness of practice (NMC, 2008). Submission Date: 14 May 2012 Assignment word count: 3000 Actual word count: 2967 Contents 1. Assignment 2. References

Analysis and Summary of Thomas L. Friedmans Views on...

Since the advancement of the world civilizations, the world gradually became smaller in terms of connection. From the first trades between cities in the early centuries of the Common Era, to the current day where civilizations are the most advanced compared to before. Communication is the key point of the progress of humanity. The biggest change and acceleration of communication happened starting from the dawn of the 21st century. This all happened in the last hundred years when the world reshaped in terms of politics, communities, technology, and most importantly the ways of communication. As much as these progresses have their positive effects, they can still be dangerous if businesses, governments and even people don’t keep with it. One†¦show more content†¦4. Open Sourcing (Uploading): this marks the begging of the collaboration of people from around the world to create all kinds of software, websites, and databases as an open source to everyone. 5. Outsourcing: the ability for a certain company to divide the component of its products and produce them in different places to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective way. 6. Offshoring: is relatively the same as outsourcing, except it is manufacturing the products in outside of the company’s original country mostly due to lower labor cost in other countries. 7. Supply Chaining: the shipping, and distributing of sales mostly through technology to maximize the sales of items. 8. Insourcing: Is doing the work of a certain company by another company on their behalf. 9. In-Forming: considered one of the most effective flatteners. This includes search engines on the Internet as it gives almost infinite information accessible to all people. 10. The Steroids: most trendy flattener for the young people. These include smartphones, iPods, digital assistance, IM, and VOIP These flatteners had their significant impacts on the world as Friedman argues. However, these flatteners didn’t impact the world equally, each country was influenced by these flatteners in a way or another. Iraq is one of those countries that were definitely affected by these flatteners but in different ways than other countries. In my opinion, the In-Forming flattener had its most impacts on Iraq. Since theShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Flat, By Thomas L. Friedman1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe World Is Flat is a visionary and insightful text written by Thomas L. Friedman. In short, the text brings about the study of globalization at its forefront. Moreover, Friedman analyzes the evolution of business and importance of information with respect not only to the 21st century, but with regards to the history of trade as we know it. It is from this study and understanding that Friedman engages in a detailed thought process as to how an institution, government, or individual can rema in competitiveRead MoreThe Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: a Review of Concepts, Research and Practice15551 Words   |  63 Pagesassociation founded in 1992 to provide corporations with expertise on the subject and an opportunity for business executives to advance the ï ¬ eld and learn from one another. There has been an explosion of interest in CSR in the European Union and around the world. The London-based  © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and British Academy of Management. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA 86 Ethical Corporation is anotherRead MoreHistory of Management Thought Revision17812 Words   |  72 Pagesexclusive social club. Yet, due to failing eyesight, he did not go to Harvard as planned but started as a factory apprentice. His early experiences as a worker would shape his view of management. 2. Taylor at Midvale Steel a. Started as a laborer, rose into management. This would lead to his â€Å"shop management† point of view. b. Took a home study course to get his college degree in mechanical engineering. c. As a worker, then a first line supervisor, he observed numerous industrial practices

Essay on Enders Game Book Report - 857 Words

Ender’s Game Ender’s Game is a science fiction novel which was written by Orson Scott Card. This novel is about a brilliant military strategist, Ender Wiggin, whose story takes place in the future where there is a constant threat of an invasion from aliens who have been given the slanderous nickname, Bugger. Ender’s childhood is not an easy one considering he gets teased at school for being a â€Å"third† only to come home to an abusive brother who is always harassing Ender and his sister Valentine and he has the weight of the world on his shoulders because they believe that he is the last hope for mankind to fight off the Buggers. After many years of monitoring Ender the International Fleet decides they want to recruit Ender into Battle†¦show more content†¦Ender’s brother and sister had a very big influence on Ender, if it weren’t for them being so smart the International Fleet wouldn’t have authorized Ender’s birth and if it weren’t for Peter he wouldn’t have known how to cry silently and Valentine helped h im cope with Peter while also teaching him how to love and helping him when he visits Earth right before going to Command School. The story has many settings. The first of which takes place sometime in the future somewhere on Earth where there is a constant threat of a bugger invasion and having a third child is considered bad which made life a lot harder for Ender which was one of many reasons why he left to Battle School. The setting then moves to the spaceship which Battle School is on which doesn’t really need to be on a spaceship unless Orson Scott Card wanted the spaceship to help with the feeling of isolation. As the story progresses the setting moves to the planet Eros which is where he will be fighting the Buggers thinking he is just in a simulation but he is really fighting the Buggers. One theme that I noticed throughout the novel is how something small can represent something so big like the game that they played in Battle School was a simple game but it was every thing they had so it meant so much to them. Another example of this theme is when Ender was in Command School working on the â€Å"simulator† and Ender viewed the game as child’s play when in realityShow MoreRelatedEssay Enders Game Book Report979 Words   |  4 PagesBorn To Lead In the novel Enders Game by Orson Scott Card, the main character Ender is put up against one of the toughest challenges on his life. He becomes aware of his challenge when he becomes a little older, yet before that, little did he know that he will have to save the world. Ender in Enders Game is portrayed as a natural leader and fighter who is a killer at heart and can use his understanding of the enemy and natural skill to kill to destroy them. However, once he understands his enemy

Pipers Art In Object Essay Example For Students

Pipers Art In Object Essay In what way do we get to know ourselves? How do we identify ourselves in a historical and political context? Adrian Piper, as an African-American female, has brought the thought to the masses with her processed photograph series- The Mythic Being project. Piper overlaid her pictures with paints and added thought balloons above her head, giving the fixed objects in the photographs meanings of art. Such activity helps to transform the objecthood, to use Michael Frieds term of non-art, of the photographs into a form of art by implanting a theater for the viewers. One of the themes in Pipers project, Locus, took place on the street in Massachusetts, provides us with a closer examination of how Piper utilized the ordinary street scene and passersby to lodge a theater through our understanding of the historical context of the 1960s and Pipers awareness of her being an African-American. She transfigured objects into art through her creative installation of the viewers theater context in the photographs, regardless of Frieds claim that such condition actually destroys the essence of art (Fried, 152). Object, as defined in Webster dictionary, is something material that may be perceived by the senses; something mental or physical toward which thought, feeling, or action is directed (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary). As we further analyze the word, we find that objecthood, with a suffix ? -hood, represents more by giving the word a condition of the material state. In the discussion of Frieds essay, he alleged that a generally acknowledged art could degenerate if the art is more of a state of objecthood then the center of focus to the spectator. Objecthood, coming along with a theater, which is the condition of viewers interacting with the artwork, is what Fried perceived to be non-art. (Fried, 152) The objects in Pipers photographs are the street and the random people who happened to be at the site when the pictures were being taken. Do we consider a person an artwork? In the eyes of ones parents, the answer might be positive; from a religious perspective, one may argue that human beings are an artwork made by god. However, our intuition tells us that we usually consider a person an artwork when one is being painted or sculptured by an artist. Do we recognize public infrastructure as an artwork? As a modern citizen with a basic economic sense of the functions of an efficient government, we have already taken for granted the public goods, the streets, for instance. Even though the public provision of goods is, to some degree, aesthetically oriented we would all appreciate visually enjoyable public goods. It is the game that Piper played that gives us a new perspective to look at her pictures in a social context beyond the surface of the photographs. In The Mythic Being series, Piper tried to appear like a male African-American, with a conspicuous Afro wig, a pair of big sunglasses and the fake mustache. Here, she successfully made herself an artistic object in the photograph by contrasting her indifferent appearance and rather excluding image to the rest of the photograph. In addition, she constructed a theater to the photograph by provoking the fact that she is actually an African-American female in disguise. She led us to read the purpose of her art and guided us to walk into the theater of her photographs. Piper once noted in her 1978 installation Aspects of the Liberal Dilemma, ones main concern is to understand and recognize the work, to master it and fit it in with art you already know, that is, to come up with an appropriate comment about it at the appropriate time. (Schollhammer) That is, Piper encourages the spectators to recognize her work with the viewers own understanding and interpretation. In contrast, Michael Fried concluded that, whatever the dedication, passion, and intelligence of its creators, the mode of such work seems to be corrupted or perverted by theater (Fried, 168). .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .postImageUrl , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:hover , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:visited , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:active { border:0!important; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:active , .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649 .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7c5fd9874814dcb744de0178a74b649:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Elderly Nutrition EssayPipers art philosophy directly conflicts with that of Frieds. The Locus photograph series, now exhibiting in the Smart Museum as art, allows the viewer to appreciate the artwork in a context other than only the picture itself, a fact that starkly challenges Frieds theory. Fried proposed the espousal of objecthood amounts to nothing other than a plea for a new genre of theater, and theater is now the negation of art (Fried, 153). So, whats the theater of Pipers photographs? It is the political and psychological theater in the viewers perspective at work. Is Pipers work the negation of her own art? Certainly not. The black and white photograph and paints seems to have taken away the possibility of biased interpretation of racism, and avoids the differentiation between peoples. It constructed a theater for all to read and to appreciate the meaning behind the scene. Moreover, according to the viewers personal background and past experience, the theater of the photographs can be very flexible. One of the main reasons can attribute to the preconceived recognition of ones identity and subconscious. Piper effectively brought such human psychology into play and successfully built an interacting theater for the spectators. As noted that the colorless work might have seemed to eliminate any racism intention; nevertheless, Pipers work actually involves, rather, a political consciousness. As indicated in the Thames Hudson Dictionary of Art and Artists: Pipers work incorporates political content and rejects preconceptions that isolate the aesthetic from the social, form from content? her position affirms the belief that moral issues can be dealt with rationally, conviction that illuminates all her work. (Xreferplus) In the Locus series, Piper, both because of her peculiar dressing and her drawn emphasis, always stands out among all the people on the street. Despite her stillness and nearly no facial expression, we observe the exclusiveness of the male Piper even more because of the contrast between Pipers pensive manner and the passersbys natural appearance. All of those forms a theater that expose the stereotypical impression of a juvenile black male. The theater now is not about how people give meaning to the photographs; it is now how people feel at the first sight of the photos. The indifferent look of Piper reveals her intention to experiment with societys reaction and perception toward African-American, especially male. The photographs, collecting all the information that words cannot fully convey, embodies a political theater for the society and a psychological theater for any individual viewer. As Fried insisted, The success, even the survival, of the arts has come increasingly to depend on their ability to defeat theater. (Fried, 163) However, Pipers performance and her reputation in art industry both braces that she is a thoughtful and creative avant-gardist. She exhorts her audience to analyze and examine her work (no matter what object she used, either the interaction in the crowd or the overlaid title bubble over her head) within a theater that is both political and psychological. Pipers photograph-posters transcended the conventional theater of art and achieved to foster an interacting context that Fried failed to consider of. Fried examined the time and space factors that are generated through the viewing activity, believing that the theatricality affects between the viewer and the artwork (not art itself); however, Piper not only defeated his theory by her Mythic Being Series and others, her work also extended our attention of Frieds discussion to a broaden theater, politics as well as psychology.

Violation of Child Rights free essay sample

Violation of Child Rights Introduction First of all, if we want to talk about violation of child rights we have to define child rights, what they are, and to whom they are intended. †A child is any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. , World leaders in 1989 decided that children needed a special convention, because children often need special care and protection that adults do not. The leaders also wanted to make sure that people under 18 year old have human rights too. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 and entry into force on September 2nd 1990. The Convention spells out the basic human rights that children everywhere have: the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life. The four foundation principles of the Convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child. Every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child. The Convention protects childrens rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal, civil and social services. By agreeing to undertake the obligations of the Convention, national governments have committed themselves to protecting and ensuring childrens rights and they have agreed to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community. States parties to the Convention are obliged to develop and undertake all actions and policies in the light of the best interests of the child. All children have the right to be protected from violence, exploitation and abuse. Yet, millions of children worldwide from all socio-economic backgrounds, across all ages, religions and cultures suffer violence, exploitation and abuse every day. Some girls and boys are particularly vulnerable because of gender, race, ethnic origin or socio-economic status. Higher levels of vulnerability are often associated with children with disabilities, who are orphaned, indigenous, from ethnic minorities and other marginalized groups. Other risks for children are associated with living and working on the streets, living in institutions and detention, and living in communities where inequality, unemployment and poverty are highly concentrated. Natural disasters, armed conflict, and displacement may expose children to additional risks. Vulnerability is also associated with age; younger children are at greater risk of certain types of violence and the risks differ as they get older. Violence, exploitation and abuse are often practiced by someone known to the child, including parents, other family members, caretakers, teachers, employers, law enforcement authorities, state and non-state actors and other children. Only a small proportion of acts of violence, exploitation and abuse are reported and investigated, and few perpetrators are held accountable. Many children are exposed to various forms of violence; but I will pay attention to a few of them: sexual violence, armed violence, child trafficking, and child marriage. Sexual violence against children Sexual violence against children is a gross violation of children’s rights. But it is a global reality across all countries and social groups. It takes the form of sexual abuse, harassment, rape or sexual exploitation in prostitution or pornography. It can happen everywhere, in homes, institutions, schools, workplaces. Also the internet and mobile phones put children at risk of sexual violence as some adults look to the internet to pursue sexual relationships with children. There is an increase in the number and circulation of images of child abuse. Children themselves also send each other sexualized messages or images on their mobile phones, so called ‘sexting’, which puts them at risk for other abuse. In 2002, WHO estimated that 150 million girls and 73 million boys under 18 years experienced forced sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual violence involving physical contact. Millions more are exploited in prostitution or pornography each year, most of the times lured or forced into these situations through false promises and limited knowledge about the risks. But the problem is that the true magnitude of sexual violence is hidden because of its sensitive and illegal nature. Most children and families do not report cases of abuse and exploitation because of stigma, fear, and lack of trust in the authorities. Social tolerance and lack of awareness also contribute to under-reporting. Evidence shows that sexual violence can have serious short- and long-term physical, psychological and social consequences not only for girls or boys, but also for their families and communities. This includes increased risks for illness, unwanted pregnancy, psychological distress, stigma, discrimination and difficulties at school. Armed violence Children are affected by armed violence in different ways. First, and most brutal, they can be killed or injured. In the last decade, an estimated two million children have been killed in armed conflict. A total of perhaps four to five million more have been disabled as a result of their experience in war, and more than 12 million have been made homeless. However the effects are much broader. For example the death or injury of a caregiver changes a child’s life considerably and may force them to take on responsibilities that interfere with their education. Armed violence results in forced displacement of families and severely affects household livelihood and income; it blocks access to basic services and to education and healthcare. Moreover, children need to be protected not only from the violence itself but also from being coerced into engaging in it themselves. Child trafficking The International Labor Organization’s in 2002 estimation that1. 2 million children is being victim of trafficking each year. It is a violation of their rights, their well-being and denies them the opportunity to reach their full potential. Protecting trafficked children requires timely victim identification, placing them in safe environment, providing them with social services, health care, psychosocial support, and reintegration with family and community.. Child labor Millions of children work to help their families in ways that are neither harmful nor exploitative. However, UNICEF estimates that around 150 million children aged 5-14 in developing countries, about 16 per cent of all children in this age group, are involved in child labor. ILO estimates that throughout the world, around 215 million children under 18 works. In Sub Saharan African 1 in 4 children aged 5-17 work, compared to 1 in 8 in Asia Pacific and 1 in 10 in Latin America. Although aggregate numbers suggest hat more boys than girls are involved in child labor, it is estimated that roughly 90 per cent of children involved in domestic labor are girls. It is not only a cause, but also a consequence of social inequities reinforced by discrimination. Children from indigenous groups or lower castes are more likely to drop out of school to work. Migrant children are also vulnerable to hidden and illicit labor. Child marriage Child marriage is defined as a formal marriage or i nformal union before age 18. It is a reality for both boys and girls, although girls are more affected. About a third of women aged 20-24 years old in the developing world were married as children. Child marriage is most common in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.. While statistics from 47 countries show that the median age at first marriage is gradually increasing, this improvement has been limited primarily to girls of families with higher incomes. 48 per cent of women from the age 45-49 were married before the age of 18; the proportion has only dropped to 35 per cent of women 20-24 years old. Evidence shows that girls who marry early often abandon formal education and become pregnant. Maternal deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth are an important component of mortality for girls aged 15–19 worldwide, accounting for 70,000 deaths each year. If a mother is under the age of 18, her infant’s risk of dying in its first year of life is 60 per cent greater than that of an infant born to a mother older than 19. Even if the child survives, he or she is more likely to suffer from low birth weight, under nutrition and late physical and cognitive development. Child brides are at risk of violence, abuse and exploitation Finally, child marriage often results in separation from family and friends and lack of freedom to participate in community activities, which can all have major consequences on girls’ mental and physical well-being. Child marriage functions as a social norm. Marrying girls under 18 years old is rooted in gender discrimination, encouraging premature and continuous child bearing and giving preference to boys’ education. Child marriage is also a strategy for economic survival as families marry off their daughters at an early age to reduce their economic burden. Conclusion